From a demographic perspective, this study focuses on social responsibility as an indication of socio-cultural changes in the contemporary world, which has also been recognized in the second demographic transition theory as the most significant determinant of the changes in family and fertility. The research data is based on a survey conducted in urban-rural areas of Gorgan and has been analyzed by SPSS24 and AMOS25. The results obtained for Cronbach’s alpha, Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin, and Bartlett's test of sphericity are 0.954, 0.787, and 10702.896 respectively. According to the results, about one-third of the respondeants hold a high or very high level of social responsibility, and the remaining two-thirds hold a low level and middle level of social responsibility. The fFemale population has a higher level of social responsibility than the male population. Also, age and responsibility are correlated: the older the age, the higher the level of social responsibislity. The multivariate results confirmed that the higher levels of education and income lead to a higher level of social responbislity. In sum, the sustainable success of the higher childbearing-oriented policies rests upon the government’s comprehensive programs in order to meet responsibly a wide range of the needs in society that will also improve the individuals’ responsible behaviours and committed cooperation. Extended AbstractIntroductionThis research paper takes a demographic approach in order to examine the patterns and determinants associated with social responsibility. According to the second demographic transition theory, the social and cultural changes in the contemporary societies throughout the world have been identified as the underlying determinants of the changes in family and fertility. It is also worthwhile noting that social responsibility serves as an important indication of socio-cultural changes. More specifically, such emerging forms of family and childbearing patterns in the modern societies as marriage and fertility decline, cohabitation, childlessness, one-child parenthood, etc. are closely associated with social and cultural changes including social responsibility. Accordingly, this research paper attempts to provide research-based evidence to examine the patterns and determinants of social responsibility from a demographic perspective.Method and DataThe research findings presented and discussed in this paper are based on a survey conducted in urban-rural areas of Gorgan in the north of Iran that deals with a total number of 22250 individuals as its statistical pool. In accordance with the Cochran formula, a sample of 400 males and females has been determined and included in the survey. The research sample belongs to 1340s, 1360s, and 1380s birth cohorts who and hasve been selected on the basis of the stratified sampling method. The research data have been collected on the basis of the researcher-made questionnaireair in accordance with the review of theoretical and empirical literature. Upon data collection, the research employed both SPSS-24 and AMOS-25 and has analyzed the research data on the basis of both the method of exploratory factor analysis in SPSS-24 and confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS-25.FindingsThe present research has been built upon a main dependent variable, i.e., social responsibility which has been divided into five subgroups including legal responsibility, political responsibility, economic responsibility, societal responsibility, and environmental responsibility. The research questionnaire included a wide range of statements and questions in order to measure each of these five subgroups of responsibility. Using the Likert Scale, the respondents’ answers to each of these questions could be ranged from ‘totally agree’, to ‘totally disagree’. The research findings on levels of social responsibility have been made on four major levels: Low Level of social responsibility (ranging with scores from 25 to 50), Middle Level of social responsibility (ranging with scores from 51 to 75), High Level of social responsibility (ranging with score from 76 to 100), Very High Level of social responsibility (ranging with score from 101 to 125).The research findings have indicated these two general patterns: first, approximately one-third of the respondeants hold a high level or very high level of social responsibility. Second, the remaining two-thirds hold a low level and middle level of social responsibility. Further analysis in order to explore the effects of the key demographic determinants on these general patterns has shown that social responsibility is substantially associated with demographic determinants. This suggests that social responsibility is significantly affected by gender so that the female population is more likely to hold a higher level of social responsibility as compared with the male population. Furthermore, age composition plays a substantially important role in the level of social responsibility: the older the age, the higher the level of social responsibislity. In other words, younger age cohorts are more likely to hold a lower level of social responsibility. Finally, the multivariate results of this analysis not only have confirmed these major patterns discussed above, but also have supported the fact that social responsibility is significantly associated with two other key determinants including the levels of education and income. This suggests that those with higher levels of education and income are also more likely to hold a higher level of social responsibislity.Conclusion and DiscussionIn conclusion, this research paper has shed further lights on the patterns and determinants associated with social responsibility from a demographic perspective. It has been both theoretically discussed and empirically investigated that the socio-cultural changes including social responsibility play a substantial role in emerging forms of family and demographic changes in the contemporary societies throughout the world such as significant changes in marriatal ties and childbearing patterns, marriage and fertility decline, cohabitation, childlessness, one-child parenthood, etc., as recognized in the second demographic transition. In sum, the main issues discussed and the research findings presented in this paper have also supported this underlying association between family and demographic issues on the one hand, and socio-cultural changes on the other hand with specific emphasis on demographic dimensions and determinants of social responsibility.Finally, the policy-related recommendations arising from the present research paper rely on echoing the underlying fact that the sustainable success of the higher childbearing-oriented policies rests upon the government’s comprehensive programs in order to meet responsibly a wide range of the needs in society that will also improve the individuals’ responsible behaviours and committed cooperation. This particularly applies to countries with a larger proportion of younger age cohorts including Iran with a median age of 34 years old approximately. It clearly reflects a huge young generation who are also more likely to be attached and driven by the modern communication technologies and social media worldwide, which will lead to a more challenging situation for social responsibility from a demographic perspective.

Analyzing fertility based on the second demographic transition in Iran, results in Contravertial outcomes; The us, its reliability becomes doubtful. This challenge comes from the completely different fertility perspective of the country. Therefore, present study tries to answer some questions about demographic transition (1st and 2nd) through both theoretical as well as practical procedures. Findings of this study rejects the similarity of the various aspects of the second demographic transition in different populations and meanwhile, shows that Iran has passed the first demographic transition, but for the second transition, some irresolution still exist.

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

The application of sustainability theory, as one of the new approaches, has enjoyed the spotlight among many of urban pioneers and scholars. This research intends to study the possibility of utilizing the sustainability theory in an executive framework and its direct application in urban plans. In this regard, the location allocation viewpoint of Office Parks, as one of significant executive policies in Iranian provincial authorities, is evaluated. The research method is divided in two stages. The first stage is comprised of a descriptive method in identifying the meanings and epistemology of sustainable development as well as office park approaches. Then in second stage the research introduces some indicators in both approaches and evaluates them using a comparative method. Four criteria of economic, environmental, physical, and social considerations are compared in two approaches. Ultimately, the result reveals a satisfactory accordance in almost all of the criteria within the sustainability and office park viewpoints. The highest conformity is in environmental considerations and the least is defined in physical features. Notwithstanding, there are some executive limitations that are highlighted in this research. It is believed that by removing of those barriers the optimum benefit can be achieved in the allocation of office parks.

Introduction: Contract drafting should not be examined only from a legal perspective. Ethical considerations should also be considered in contracts. The purpose of the present study is to examine ethical considerations in contracts (specifically, contracting agreement in the field of urban construction), which was written using an analytical-descriptive method based on reliable data. Material and Methods: The present study is a review of articles, books, and ethical charters in the field of contracts. To achieve the goal, articles and books in this field were reviewed. Conclusion: Given the high volume of working capital in the industry and construction sector, as well as the complex relationships between contractors, executors, consultants, and other natural and legal persons involved in the implementation of industrial and construction projects, there is a need for contracts that clearly and specifically define the subject, obligations and duties of the parties, the amount and time of project completion, and other important matters. This transparency reduces insoluble disputes and dissatisfaction. Research results show that many decisions, behaviors, and performance of managers and employees in organizations are influenced by their ethical values. This makes ethical behaviors have a significant impact on productivity, improved communications, and risk reduction in organizations. Therefore, paying attention to ethical principles is an inevitable necessity for organizations.

The main subject of this paper is Robert Filmer’ s Patriarcha which is the essential text in the history of political thought and in a sense it is one of the most important sources of the controversial debates on politics in early modern England. We think that Patriarcha was one of the last systematic and coherent attempts to defend the "natural character of politics" and "divine right of kings to rule given by God alone. We try to show that Filmer’ s point of view, in spite of its affinities with ancient political philosophers, it was essentially different because it is totally based on the revelation. Generally, we will attempt to understand Filmer’ s text in the light of the rhetorical war between the defenders of the pre-modern political conception (emphasizing the naturalness of politics and denying the equity in political rights) and the proponents of the new politics (emphasizing the artificial character of politics and the idea of ‘ the individual possessed unconditional right by nature” . ) Also, we cast light on the Persian translation of the Patriarcha and argue that the non-literalness of this rendering has led to some misunderstandings and erroneous equivalents.